http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/77 2026-04-12T03:33:49Z 2026-04-12T03:33:49Z Aimal Tanvir http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/17629 2025-02-12T11:26:51Z 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z

Measuring Mother’s Empowerment Through Culture of Son Preference in Pakistan Paper No. 01-2022 Aimal Tanvir This paper highlights whether giving birth to a son plays a role in determining mother’s empowerment in Pakistan and in particular, if the birth-order of the son has any additional impact in uplifting the mother’s status within a household, using the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2012-13. In Pakistan, the household’s economic conditions make parents treat their sons and daughters differently and ultimately, giving preference to sons over daughters, in terms of education, health and nutrition, as the social and economic utility of a son, overpowers that of a daughter. In the presence of this culture of son preference, if women then give birth to a son or a number of sons, then it should help empower them. The results of the study show having a son significantly helps in empowering mothers in Pakistan. In contrast, the son’s birth-order (both higher or lower) is not an important factor for improving mother’s empowerment. Mother’s empowerment is mainly driven by the number of sons, and age of the son, and these results are more pronounced in rural areas of Pakistan, and for mothers belonging to poor households. PP. 32 ill;

2022-01-01T00:00:00Z Rabia Arif Maham Khalid http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/17628 2025-02-12T11:30:21Z 2021-09-01T00:00:00Z

Determining the Extent of Gender Discrimination in Education Sector: A case of Pakistan Paper No.04 Rabia Arif; Maham Khalid Gender bias in developing countries may restrict educational opportunities for girls in comparison to boys. This paper attempts to measure the gender disparity in education amongst children from 5 years to 18 years of age across Pakistan. Using the data from PSLM 2010-2011 and applying Oaxaca decomposition with probit estimation we measure the gender gap. The results interestingly show that although a strong bias exists against females in overall enrollment rates, but as we explore further, we see that males drop out of private schools more as compared to females and the accumulated level of schooling of the male adults is also lower than that of females. We find that much of these differences are not due to the endowment effects. Large negative deviation for males may be attributed to the unobservable pressure and society’s norms regarding the role of males that affect them in an adverse manner. PP. 44 ill;

2021-09-01T00:00:00Z Mydda Aslam Rabia Arif http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/17627 2025-02-12T11:32:49Z 2021-08-01T00:00:00Z

Impact of Temporary External Migration & Remittances on Child Health Outcomes in Punjab, Pakistan Paper No. 03-2021 Mydda Aslam; Rabia Arif Primary motive of temporary migration in developing countries like Pakistan is generally in response to the income constraint faced by the households. Therefore, to relax the resource constraint, migrants tend to remit back to their families in home countries. This study attempts to look at the impact of temporary external migration and remittances on child health outcomes as measured by height-for-age (HAZ) & weight-for-age z scores (WAZ) in Punjab, Pakistan. Further, we test for the presence of intra household resource allocation bias where boys get preferential treatment in term of health care as compared to girls. Using historic migration rates and number of banks in each district to instrument for external migration and remittances from overseas, respectively, we employ an Instrumental Variable Approach estimated through Two Stage Least Square and Treatment Effect Model. Our results suggest significant positive impact of external migration and remittances on both the indicators of child health outcomes. Further this study confirms the presence of increased bargaining power of women in households headed by females resulting in a greater share of resources being spent on girls relative to boys. PP. 76 ill;

2021-08-01T00:00:00Z Fatimah Shah Zunia Saif Tirmazee http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/17144 2021-03-01T07:36:04Z 2020-05-01T00:00:00Z

Impact of Parental Occupation on Career Aspirations Fatimah Shah Fatimah Shah; Zunia Saif Tirmazee This paper seeks to identify the relationship between parental occupations and gender-specific career aspirations of undergraduate students. To do this, we conducted surveys with fourth-year undergraduate students in eight universities of Lahore, Pakistan. These surveys have collected data on demographic characteristics, parental occupations, and career aspirations. The results show that a high mother’s skill level is associated with higher career aspirations for children especially females. Father’s higher skill level has a negative impact on a child’s career aspiration and this does not differ across genders. Furthermore, as career aspirations are determinant of one’s career choices and attitude, therefore, the obtained results are beneficial in understanding and analyzing the prevailing gender gap in labor market. PP.74, ill

2020-05-01T00:00:00Z