http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/16520 2026-04-11T14:50:41Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/20358 THE ADVENT OF HYBRID WARFARE: AN ISSUE OF NATIONAL SECURITY Khalida Khalid This chapter starts by giving the background, explaining the relevance, listing its main goals and giving an overview that will guide the entire study. PP. 105; ill; 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/20357 SOCIAL NETWORK AND IRREGULAR MIGRATION: INSIGHTS FROM PAKISTANI DEPORTEES Arooba Sabah ud din Irregular migration to Europe remains a common pursuit among inhabitants of developing countries. For many irregular migrants, the decision to migrate is deeply rooted in their “migration dream”, an idealized vision of economic advancement, better livelihood, and upward social mobility. Irregular migration from Pakistan to Europe has become a common phenomenon, especially among young men and women from economically disadvantaged regions, shaped by complex socio-economic and cultural dynamics. This study argues that irregular migration from Pakistan to Europe is not merely an individual choice but a socially reinforced pathway, shaped by collective expectations and decision-making. This thesis delves into social networks' dynamic and complex role in facilitating irregular migration from Pakistan, focusing on how these networks operate across origin, transit, and destination countries. It further explores how the structural and relational dimensions of social networks change for irregular migrants and their effect on their migration trajectories. To achieve this, 11 Pakistani deportees, who attempted to migrate irregularly to Europe but were unsuccessful, shared their narratives and personal stories. PP. 178; ill 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/17624 A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE PRACTICES OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING IN LOW-FEE FRANCHISE AND SINGLE MANAGEMENT SCHOOLS IN LAHORE Nimra Najeeb Pakistan has a variety of privately managed schools. Inspired by the corporate model large school systems offer franchise to small schools in the name of better quality education, leading to better market acceptability. The purpose of this study was to analyze the practices and quality of English language provided by the franchise and single management schools at primary and middle level. To accomplish this, four tools were utilized; classroom observation checklist, semi structured interview, questionnaires, and English test for grade 5 and 8 students. Two franchise and two single management low cost schools of Lahore were selected by purposive sampling. Data was collected and analyzed on the CIPP evaluation model, i.e. Context, Input, Process and Product. The sample comprised of 8 in-depth classroom observations, 8 English subject and 12 other subject teachers teaching in English; and 80 students. The result reveals that single management schools focus on student results or outcomes as a means of competing with franchise schools which attract students with better teaching methods, management support, school inputs and better qualified teachers. PP. 98; ill 2024-08-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/17623 Ethnic Inequalities, Migration and Women Empowerment in Pakistan: An Evidence from Pakistan Demographic Health Survey 2017-2018 (PDHS) Simran Tariq This thesis aims to capture variations in women empowerment and the role of internal migration keeping in view the embedded ethnic inequalities in Pakistan’s society. The women empowerment is proxied by their role in household decision making over resource allocation, violence justifying perceptions, their asset ownership and financial empowerment, whereas the ethnicity is defined on linguistic basis. Further, it controls for socio economic and household characteristics, which are household size and wealth, women’s education, employment status and their asset ownership. To this extent, this thesis utilizes dataset of more than 13,000 women taken from Pakistan Demographic Health Survey (PDHS) 2017-2018. By employing OLS regression, our empirical findings confirm that in terms of ethnicity, Urdu speaking women are found to be more empowered where as Siraiki, Hindko, Balti and Pahari women are less empowered. Further, the migration analysis shows that the Pukhtun and Sindhi women’s decision-making power decreases with migration and their patriarchal beliefs tend to be more pronounce unlike Balochi and Siraiki women. Moreover, migration leads to increase in the financial empowerment of Punjabi and Pukhtun women. This thesis provides insights on strategies that national governments can focus on to increase the empowerment of women of different ethnic groups in Pakistan. PP. 76; ill 2024-08-01T00:00:00Z